Constructing an Inductive Theory in Sociology

Developing an Inductive Theory in Sociology There are two ways to deal with developing a hypothesis: inductive hypothesis development and deductive hypothesis development. Inductive hypothesis development happens during inductive examination in which the specialist initially watches parts of public activity and afterward looks to find designs that may highlight moderately all inclusive standards. Field research, in which the specialist watches the occasions as they occur, is regularly used to create inductive hypotheses. Erving Goffman is one social researcher that is known for utilizing field examination to reveal rules of numerous assorted practices, remembering living for a psychological foundation and dealing with the â€Å"spoiled identity† of being deformed. His exploration is a phenomenal case of utilizing field research as a wellspring of inductive hypothesis development, which is additionally generally alluded to as grounded hypothesis. Building up an inductive, or grounded, hypothesis by and large follows the accompanying advances: Exploration configuration: Define your exploration questions and the fundamental ideas and factors involved.Data assortment: Collect information for your investigation utilizing any of the different techniques (field research, interviews, studies, etc.)Data requesting: Arrange your information sequentially to encourage simpler information investigation and assessment of processes.Data examination: Analyze your information utilizing strategies for your deciding to search for examples, associations, and noteworthy findings.Theory development: Using the examples and discoveries from your information investigation, build up a hypothesis about what you discovered.Literature correlation: Compare your rising hypothesis with the current writing. Are there clashing structures, comparable systems, and so on.? References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: ninth Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.

Alice Walkers depiction of men in The Color Purple Essay

Alice Walkers portrayal of men in The Color Purple has been disputable. Investigate the assessments of the two pundits printed underneath and clarify your own perspective on the manner in which Walker presents men in The Color Purple. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker’s delineation of men has been seen by some as dubious. Walker is by all accounts assaulting dark men in view of their abuse of dark ladies. In spite of the fact that, there is another power at work in this ground-breaking, and passionate, book. That power is the accidental declaration which Walker can't control, since it was not intentionally written to be a piece of her story. Between the lines of her story is the solid message of individual anger: rage which can't be covered up. The fierceness can be seen all through the novel in various structures; the words utilized by Walker, that are solid and emotive; the depiction of the characters, from honest, as Celie, to malicious, similar to Mr. Alphonso and the authenticity wherein the characters are enlivened, in light of the genuine displeasure used to portray them. In this manner, in thinking about the assessments of the two contradicting pundits, this situation must be borne as a primary concern. The primary pundit, Tony Brown, composed an article about The Color Purple for the Carolina Peacemaker. He has numerous perspectives on the book, and communicates those perspectives unquestionably. Earthy colored concedes in his article that a few men have assaulted their little girls, â€Å"†¦ some dark men have assaulted their daughters,† However, quickly a while later, he is expressing his safeguard of dark men. He safeguards himself in a flash, saying that most of dark men have not. He at that point talks about the difficult that dark men have with regards to adoring, saying the affection has â€Å"†¦ been depleted out by the fierceness of a general public hysterical over dark manliness. † Brown at that point proceeds to handle the issue of lesbian undertakings in the book, and that they give ladies â€Å"†¦ enthusiastic and sexual salvation†¦ † He shields his position saying this isn't the situation in reality, despite the fact that many disappointed dark ladies appear to need to accept. Earthy colored at that point concedes that some dark men resemble Walker’s characters, he says they are at the same time, â€Å"†¦ miserable examples†¦ † He likewise says the book concentrates just on the failings of dark men, and that dark men are being mishandled by a white keeps an eye on film. He is accusing every other person. Celebrated dark men are referenced by Brown in his contention, and the way that they were non-perverted and non-brutalizing and had sound associations with ladies. He expresses that, â€Å"Their ladies never required a ‘Shug’. † Brown neglects to help his contention about well known dark guys however, he just notices their names quickly. Earthy colored accuses the distributers in the last piece of the concentrate. He says that white people just distribute books by dark ladies, or gay dark men, and afterward mark them similar to the ‘black experience’. Earthy colored is continually accusing others all through his concentrate, he never acknowledges duty regarding the activities of dark men; he simply avoids the fault to others. The subsequent pundit composes as a reaction to Brown’s article, their name isn't given. Their contention safeguards The Color Purple, and answers to Brown’s blistering assault of Walker’s portrayal of men in the book. The pundit opens their reaction with the line that expresses the book is, â€Å"†¦ carefully fiction†¦ † They stress however, that Walker has expounded on genuine affliction, and the thoughts were not invoked by the creative mind of Walker. The pundit at that point talks about the books substance, and discusses Walker’s characterisation. The pundit gives Celie for instance of a lady who developed from her own quality, â€Å"†¦ a confident, solid woman†¦ † regardless of whether it was at the ‘expense’ of a couple of male personalities. Subsequent to expressing the realities in the book and demonstrating the principle character advancement, the pundit at that point dispatches a scorching assault upon dark men, saying that, â€Å"†¦ the shoe is such a solid match, that it turns out to be out and out uncomfortable†¦ † Meaning that, the dark men are insulted, in light of the fact that the book is unreasonably honest for their preferring. The pundit at that point underscores that Walker’s message is that of persecution, and that it is, â€Å"†¦ monstrous regardless of what shading it is. † They express that mistreatment isn't right, and that the message given by the book mustn’t be overlooked, or, in all likelihood the grotesqueness will live on, and keep on reproducing. In the end lines of the critic’s contention, the pundit expresses that the book is an anecdote about dark ladies; not a book that is against dark men. Earthy colored is then repudiated by the mysterious pundit, as they compose that Walker’s is a women's activist book, and that it isn't explicitly against dark men, despite the fact that dark men are on edge as a result of it, â€Å"†¦ dark men dissenting and licking their injured inner selves. † Both pundits concentrated on genuine occasions in the book; connections in the book; the ground-breaking contrast among people; the contrasts among sex and the crude impact in sexual issues. Regardless of this, the two pundits disregarded the force in the book, that being of Alice Walker’s genuine message which includes such a large amount of sharpness and sadness experienced by dark individuals in the USA. As I would like to think, the men in The Color Purple introduced during outrage, Walker’s outrage when composing. In this way, the introduction of men is one-sided. Expressly, I think the delineation of men in the novel is valid; that is, all parts of the male character are spoken to by Walker’s characters, from generosity in Reverend Mr (Samuel) to severe remorselessness, found in Albert. The manner by which Walker composes, with such conviction and energy about her characters makes the delineation valid, it can't be fained. The somewhat one-sided see on the male characters in the novel is so in light of the fact that Walker just shows two great dark, male characters; Samuel and Harpo. Harpo thinks about his family, and adores them genuinely, however his affectability makes him be ruled over by his better half. Samuel accomplishes such a great deal to help Nettie; he takes her in after Albert’s attack on her. He teaches her, shows her new and energizing spots abroad. The marriage among Samuel and Corrine likewise knows no mercilessness, no brutality or sexual maltreatment. This model is contrasted with a few other male characters that are depicted as seething, corrupt animals. A case of a seething, unscrupulous animal, as appeared by Walker, would be Mr. Alphonso, he assaults his own progression little girl, time and again, and afterward when Celie brought forth two kids, he parted with them. This was not the demonstration of a not too bad person.

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We dont have much to complain about since New York has not been hit with as much snow as other parts of the country this winter.   But when we are hit with another blizzard, we groan because chances are were going to school or work in it.   Of course, we all look forward to snow days (when schools are closed) so we can catch up at home instead of treading our way through snow mountains and slippery roads.   Not to mention all the wet grit and grim from the streets. Gross!   But snow days are rare in New York City.   So needless to say, its snowing (A LOT) but were not closed; no snow day for us.   But we are here to support our students who have also made their way to campus.   Although its not easy to move around with all this snow, New Yorkers always find a way to get where we must go.   Our students who move here from other parts of the world, also quickly learn how to get from uptown to/from the boroughs in all conditions.   It means we plan a little more efficiently and were mor e resourceful   And thank goodness for one of the more reliable mass transit systems. With no where to go today and probably very few visitors (because who would risk coming to Columbia in this storm besides us and all our dedicated faculty and students), well have more uninterrupted time to review applications.   Well begin releasing admission decisions for our two-year MIA/MPA/MPA-DP programs in mid-March so theres not much time to finish reviewing all the applications weve received for fall 2014 consideration.     Thats all I have for today (sorry its not as enlightening) my head is in the applications. and the snow storm happening outside my windowless office. Travel safely where ever you may be. a view of Columbia University Low Library entrance to Columbia University Morningside campus

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We dont have much to complain about since New York has not been hit with as much snow as other parts of the country this winter.   But when we are hit with another blizzard, we groan because chances are were going to school or work in it.   Of course, we all look forward to snow days (when schools are closed) so we can catch up at home instead of treading our way through snow mountains and slippery roads.   Not to mention all the wet grit and grim from the streets. Gross!   But snow days are rare in New York City.   So needless to say, its snowing (A LOT) but were not closed; no snow day for us.   But we are here to support our students who have also made their way to campus.   Although its not easy to move around with all this snow, New Yorkers always find a way to get where we must go.   Our students who move here from other parts of the world, also quickly learn how to get from uptown to/from the boroughs in all conditions.   It means we plan a little more efficiently and were mor e resourceful   And thank goodness for one of the more reliable mass transit systems. With no where to go today and probably very few visitors (because who would risk coming to Columbia in this storm besides us and all our dedicated faculty and students), well have more uninterrupted time to review applications.   Well begin releasing admission decisions for our two-year MIA/MPA/MPA-DP programs in mid-March so theres not much time to finish reviewing all the applications weve received for fall 2014 consideration.     Thats all I have for today (sorry its not as enlightening) my head is in the applications. and the snow storm happening outside my windowless office. Travel safely where ever you may be. a view of Columbia University Low Library entrance to Columbia University Morningside campus

Post Liberal Era Essay - 1559 Words

The Post Liberal Era begins with the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Although Ronald Reagan was one of the most popular president in United States history, the years he served were not beloved by many. One example of this was Reverend Jerry Falwell. Reverend Falwell believed that â€Å"our grand old flag from going down the drain.† according to the Reverend Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority Fundraising Letter. He was against homosexual people and the distribution of pornography and R/X rated movies. He seemed to believe that the sex and violence they contained were bad for America as a whole. Lastly, he brought up the controversial subject of abortion, believing it to be synonymous with murder. Something extremely chilling that was shown in the†¦show more content†¦Another huge, relevant problem that began budding under the presidency of Ronald Reagan was mass incarceration. Incarceration rates rose quickly during his term but skyrocketed when President Bill Clinton passed the â€Å"Crime Bill† according to the sources. The post-war period revealed huge rises in the number of people imprisoned. From a mere 338,029 in 1970, the figures rose to a shocking 2,042,479 in 2001 according to the information supplied by Dr. Barrett. In the document Why Mass Incarceration Matters by Heather Ann Thompson, it states that â€Å"Between 1970 and 2010 more people were incarcerated in the United States than were imprisoned in any other country.† What was not surprising was the fact that African Americans once again were the ones who were the most unfortunate, recording the highest imprisonment rate among all races and sexes. The numbers before the 1960s do not even compare to the numbers following. For example, numbers taken from the document show that 35 years before the 1960s, the number of American people imprisoned had increased by 52,249 people. However, the 35 years after, the same group had increased by a drastic 1,266,2435. Even with the massive numbers documented in statistics of the numbers of American citizens incarcerated, historians have ignored this integral piece of the post-war period and failed to recognize its impact. For example, mass incarceration had a direct effect on how thriving American urban centers became full of povertyShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Canada Legalized Same Sex Marriage941 Words   |  4 Pages one of the most liberal countries in the world. In theory, Canada should have achieved a status where gay identities and activities are extensively accepted, which, in Ghaziani’s words, is an era of post-gay (Ghaziani, 2011). According to Warner, the term post-gay refers to defining oneself by more than his or her sexuality, detaching gayness with struggle, and embracing sexually diverse company (Warner, 1999). There are two positions regarding the question â€Å"are Canadians post gay.† One group ofRead MoreAge of Revolutions Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction of post-colonial attitudes with the need of self-governess away from empires overseas. This was achieved through the democracy and constitutions which still are the most important legacy existing in the modern world. It this outcome that societies were able to create influential pieces of works and change how societies operated on a daily bases with the United States composing t he Declaration of Independence in 1776 establishing the cornerstone of this period of paradoxically an era of stabilityRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay on the Mexican and Russian Revolutions799 Words   |  4 PagesS.D. APWH Compare and Contrast Essay on the Mexican and Russian Revolutions In the early 20th century, both Russian and Mexican peoples were both verily dissatisfied with their respective governments. Archaic standards and unjust politics led to unrest and the stirring of the winds of rebellion. With similar political and economic motives, these geographically distanced and different groups of nearly uniform peasantry both stood against their leaders inRead MoreThe Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After World War II1127 Words   |  5 PagesBriheem N. Hamilton, Jr. November 19, 2015 History 205 – Second Essay The Legacy of Imperialism and Democracy Building after World War II Nagata, Japan – Post World War II Japan was made into a protectorate of America after their unconditional surrender. ¹ During the next seven years, Allied powers occupied Japan. After Japan s military forces were demobilized and repatriated, the Occupation, led by General Douglas MacArthur of the U.S. army, turned to the problem of making Japan democratic withRead MoreNew Labour Continuation of Thatcherism 1675 Words   |  7 PagesThatcherism changed and affected not only the political landscape of Britain but also the mere social fabric that Britain had lived by for decades. Thatcher’s policies of the 1970s and 1980s would go on to shape the nation well into the millennium. This essay will aim to analyze the extent to which New Labour having been elected in 1997 continued the implementation of Thatcher’s policies. The many reasons why New Labour under Tony Blair continued Thatcherite policies will be explored throughout this paperRead MoreFrancis Fukuyama Wrote His Essay, â€Å"The End Of History?†893 Words   |  4 PagesFrancis Fukuyama wrote his essay, â€Å"The End of History?† in 1989 and elaborated on it in a book published in 1992 entitled â€Å"The End of History and The Last Man.† It was during this time, as is mentioned in the beginning of the original essay that Mikhail Gorbachev was enacting the policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union. The Cold War was at the beginning of the end. As such, the global tensions caused by the rivalry and proxy wars between the United States and the Soviet Union wereRead MoreIn 1989, Francis Fukuyama published the End of History? on the National Interest. Throughout the1800 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1989, Francis Fukuyama published the End of History? on the National Interest. Throughout the article, he attempted t o account for the global changes in the post-Cold War era including the ideological transformation of the Soviet Union by introducing a new idea of the end of history. To Fukuyama, this idea signified the main ground for the turbulence and the systematic reformation. His argument that the history will no longer evolve has two main significations. First, the ideas or ideologiesRead MoreThe Decline Of Strikes And Industrial Action1410 Words   |  6 Pagesservices sector. Therefore, this essay is an attempt to throw some light on the factors that explain the overall decline in strikes and industrial action since the 1980s. Furthermore, this essay also discusses whether there exist the likelihood of an increase in industrial conflict in the future. Ultimately, the conclusion would be given. Decline of strike’s since 1980s Despite the significance of strikes in industrial relations, they drastically declined post 1980’s and transmuted the frameworkRead MoreThe Inequality Of Gender Inequality2723 Words   |  11 Pages PIED2721 End of Semester Essay Student Number - 200823400 Word Count: Which types of feminism can best account for the persistence of gender inequality? Include discussion of at least two different types of feminism. Introduction It would be foolish to say that gender inequality is not a continuing problem in today’s society. However it is difficult to understand why this view is so persistent. This is due to the great variety of issues and the large number of competing and oftenRead MoreHistory : A New Form Of History852 Words   |  4 PagesDoing History Essay: Up until the early nineteenth-century, history had been written in two dominant traditions, â€Å"one predominantly learned and antiquarian, the other essentially literary†. However, a postmodern shift in historiography has led to a new form of history, namely ‘disobedient histories’. ‘Disobedient history’ as a new form of history moves away from Leopold Von Ranke’s ideas of history being a rigorous scientific inquiry towards a more diverse and cultured form. Some of these forms

Women in Romantic Literature Essay - 1756 Words

------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Women in Romantic Literature: ------------------------------------------------- Sinner or Victim ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [ Amanda Schwartz ] ------------------------------------------------- Professor Bardsley ------------------------------------------------- English 324†¦show more content†¦After that the poem becomes the story of Oothoon breaking free not only from the figurative bonds she is attached to by being a woman but also the actual bonds placed on her by Theotorum when he bounds Oothoon to her rapist, Bromian,†The adulterate pair/Bound back to back† (Blake 2.5-6). â€Å"Visions of the Daughters of Albion† is written as an allegory which Blake used to comment on how the roles people held in British society was the cause of this style of enslavement of not only women but men as well. His use of an allegory also showed what Blake saw as the answer, which was to look west towards America. Since America had just freed itself from Britain rule he saw it as them breaking the connection that forced discrimination onto people. In this allegorical set up Oothoon is the representation of America and the potential the new country held and is called, â€Å"the soft soul of America† (Blake 1.4). This shows that Oothoon’s struggle against the overly pious and righteous hold of the church shown through Theotormen’s character whose name actually means tormented by god and the over controlling lustful man displayed by Bromian’s character is really a struggle of breaking past conventions to just be a liberated person who is abl e to live and love freely. After her rape Oothoon at first alignsShow MoreRelatedThe Romantic Period and the Victorian Age in Great Britain Essays1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Romantic Period (1785-1830) was a very turbulent period, during which England experienced the ordeal of change from a primarily agricultural society to a modern industrial nation. French Revolution and storming of the Bastille had a great influence on English society and literature. It influenced almost every sphere of life. The Victorian Age (1830-1901) was a period of great progress and prosperity for the nation. This was a period in which industry, technology, and science were celebratedRead MoreObjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 Pages Objectification of women works with benevolent sexism to further oppress women in the media through its effects on self-esteem and well-being. Rollero’s (2013) article â€Å"Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism† examines media representations of men and women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicated the connection between viewing objectifiedRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focus in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult’s relationship quality as well as their attachment bond with their romantic partners constitutesRead MoreBritish Literature : Final Exam1300 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature II - Final Exam British Literature is filled with diverse and talented writers who through each period has brought something new to the table. Over the course of the term we have covered the Romantic period, the Victorian Age and the Modern period. Each period has had a hand in developing literature through to the modern age and each writer has influenced the next generation. To best examine each period of literature the paper will be split amongst the three major periods theRead MoreBritish Literature : Final Exam1301 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature II - Final Exam British Literature is filled with diverse and talented writers who through each period has brought something new to the table. Over the course of the term we have covered the Romantic period, the Victorian Age and the Modern period. Each period has had a hand in developing literature through to the modern age and each writer has influenced the next generation. To best examine each period of literature the paper will be split amongst the three major periods the courseRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period.1210 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period. Similarities and Differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period What were the similarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period? The Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had far more differences. They first differed in rule: the Romantic Age didn’t hav e a king or queen, but the Victorian Period did. They were similar and different in writing stylesRead MoreThe Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. DuringRead MoreThe Importance Of Romanticism1046 Words   |  5 Pagesin which modern culture began to take shape. During the Romantic era, many advancements were made in all aspects of people’s lives and cultures. One aspect in particular has held great value even to this day. That aspect being the expansive amount of literature created during the era. The era of Romanticism had its name for a reason. It can be greatly attributed to the romantic style or genre of literature that defined the period. Romantic writers wove many tales of admiration, longing, and aspirationsRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of The Victorian Era1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe Victorian Era was brought about upon to show rebellion from the Romantic period. The Victorian Era is a reaction against the Romantic Period due to differences in terms of historical influences, effects of science, crises of faith, and women’s desire for change. The Romantic Period’s history started in 1798 and ended less than thirty-five years later in 1832. Every period has a recognizable identity and the one for the Romantic Period is that it is a time for an escape from the intellectual sideRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Heterosexual Love1669 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2: Literature Review This literature review will explore research on the portrayal of heterosexual love in film and the effects that it has on millennial women and through the cycle of repression, its effect on minorities. The analytical framework consists of feminist theory as described by John Storey and Stuart Hall’s representation theory. Then, feminism in romantic fiction will be again be explored academically by Storey, exploring the power that romantic fiction in pop culture has

Should the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter

Should the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter? Last Tuesday, advisors to the Food and Drug administration voted to make the morning-after pill available over-the-counter (1). The FDA has not yet acted on this recommendation (1). The morning-after pill is the vernacular term for emergency contraception, specifically, two pills with the commercial name, Plan B, which have the ability to inhibit and, depending on ones perspective, possibly to terminate unwanted pregnancies. The FDA approved the first version of the morning-after pill for prescription use in 1998 (1). The issue today is whether it should be available without a prescription. The morning-after pill is essentially a high dosage of the birth control pill†¦show more content†¦. One of the reasons why many scientists have chosen to define implantation as the beginning of pregnancy is because half of all zygotes do not survive beyond two weeks even if no action is taken to destroy them and so un-implanted zygotes are not considered necessarily viable (3). According to the Mayo Clinic, the morning-after pill prevents pregnancy from occurring because it does not terminate a developing zygote implanted on the uterine wall (1). According the American Bioethics Advisory Commission, preventing a zygote from implanting in the uterine lining, is technically abortion because life and pregnancy begin with conception (2). The American Heritage dictionary defines conception as the formation of a viable zygote by the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization (10). . Even this definition leaves room for interpretation about whether or not a zygote is viable, but for those who believe that every fertilized human egg is a human life, the debate here is identical to the debate over whether or not surgical abortion should be legal. It is a question of how human life is defined, when it begins, and under which circumstances, if any, it is permissible to end it. In polls, most Americans have demonstrated a preference for earlier abortions over later ones (7). For those who see more shades of gray in such matters, the question becomes, is the morning-after pill a better, more humane, and safer option, thanShow MoreRelatedMorning After Pill866 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a pill becoming readily available that would aid in reducing the amount of unwanted pregnancies. It is the morning after pill as it is being called. This pill can be used during the first three days after unprotected sexual intercourse to prevent the fertilization of an egg or the attachment of a fertilized egg to a womans uterus. The question is not necessarily i n the ethical issue of the pill itself. The problem or question lies in the issue of the pill being sold with or without aRead MoreShould Emergency Contraceptives Be Available Over?1411 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Robinson Should emergency contraceptives be available over the counter to girls under the age of 18? Plan B or the ‘morning after pill’ as it is sometimes known is an emergency contraceptive that is can prevent a pregnancy if it is taken within 3 days of unprotected sex or if your birth control failed you such as if a condom breaks mid intercourse. The Plan B contain a higher concentrated level of levonorgestrel which is the same hormone found in birth control pills. According to the PlanRead MoreThe Morning After Pill Essay600 Words   |  3 PagesContraception (EC) also known as the morning after pill is an alternative method used when birth control methods have failed to prevent unintended pregnancy.There are many people who support the morning after pill and many who are against the emergency contraceptive. According to the blog â€Å"A Night for Emergency Contraception†, the morning after pill is a good way to stay safe and have fun. Emergency contraception is now easier to take, one no longer has to take one pill then wait twelve hours to take anotherRead MoreBirth Control Births1255 Words   |  5 PagesWas it an accident? Were the birth control pills left on the bedside untaken? Or did the pregnancy results from a rape? Women turn to the morning-after contraceptive pill for many reasons. In many European countries, women can buy the morning-after pill over the counter. In Germany however, this purchase is allowed only under prescription (Ware). Within Europe, only Italy and Poland join Germany in making the morning-after pill prescription. One case of a twenty five year old rape victim who wasRead MoreEssay on Fighting Pharmacists, Fulfilling the Prescription1722 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years there has been an influx of women receiving prescriptions for the postcoital pill (PCP) also known as the morning-after pill, Plan B, and a form of emergency contraception. Some pharmacists, however, are exercising their right not to fulfill patient’s prescription, based primarily on their personal values and morals. Amidst th e negative overtones, women continue to take the morning-after pill in an effort to maintain their rights. â€Å"Timely access to emergency contraception is criticalRead MoreThe Plan B Pill1608 Words   |  6 Pagessome methods can be used within a short time after unprotected intercourse or failed use of birth control, which are usually referred to as emergency contraceptive. Within the last 30 years, a number of approaches, which seem safe and efficacious, have been developed as this method, including the popular plan B pill. In 1999 the FDA approved the Plan B pill, which was the first progestin-only dedicated emergency contraceptive product. The plan B pill was developed by Teva Pharmaceutical IndustriesRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children s Reproductive System972 Words   |  4 Pagesemergency contraception is now available over the counter as of August 2013 an although there has been a great debate on whether or not the open availability to teens as young as fifteen will do more harm than good it does seem that the positives have out weighted the negative since lowering the age restriction and making it available over the counter. Since talk about raising the age limit back to seventeen with a prescription and turning it back over to pharmacy counters the controversy has resurfacedRead MoreEmergency Contraceptive Pills ( Ecps )989 Words   |  4 PagesEmergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) is a widely controversial debate between medical officials, teachers, parents, and teens. Most parents do not want to think about their teenage daughters engaging in sexual activities; yet, at some point, it is more than likely going to happen. The CDC reports showed in 2013 there were over 270,000 babies born to adolescents between the ages of 15-19 years old (1). This figure may seem high but has declined over the last two decades and reduced by 10% duringRead MoreShould Emergency Contraceptive Be Made For Teens?1441 Words   |  6 PagesShould Emergency Contraceptive be Made Available to Teens? Emergency contraception, also known as the morning after pill, is one alternative to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. The morning after pill is only available by prescription and or over the counter (with proof of being 18 years or older). In 2006, the purchase age for the morning after pill was lowered to17. In the United States, there is an average of 1 million teen pregnancy reported every year. Of those 1 million girls, 38%Read MoreThe Plan B Pill2024 Words   |  9 PagesThe Morning After Pill Introduction/Thesis: Speculation of when life actually begins in the womb and whether or not the Morning After pill encourages sex amongst teenagers has been carried out for years and with that speculation, many perspectives have been formed for different sides of the pill. Data and opinions have been weighed in regards to the Morning After Pill, but though an examination of different perspectives on this controversial subject, research supports that the Morning

Kim V. Son Case Study free essay sample

Kim v. Son To summarize the case of Kim v. Son, Jinsoo Kim invested in two of Stephen Son’s corporations, which eventually failed, and Kim lost his money. Son felt bad, he and Kim got together and became very intoxicated and signed a â€Å"contract† in blood, stating that Son promised to pay Kim the money he lost and Kim agreed not to sue him. As it turned out, when Son sobered up he refused to keep his promise to pay Kim, so Kim filed a lawsuit based on this bloody contract. The judge declared the contract void due to lack of consideration (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Kim V. Son Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Was there valid consideration? First, let’s look at what consideration means. To qualify as consideration, three rules apply: 1) Both parties must receive something of value; 2) If someone makes a promise to give something of value, this signifies a consideration; and 3) The two parties involved must come to an agreement of terms in regard to what items of value are exchanged in the deal (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). Based on these rules, I agree with the judge that there was no consideration in this case. Kim did make a promise not to sue, but this forbearance did not carry any merit because there was no way Kim would have won the lawsuit. This makes it a one sided proposal because only one party would receive something of value, and that would be Kim. Son would receive nothing of value in return, therefore, no consideration exists. Kim made an investment in a corporation that failed. Son is not liable for his loss. If this was the case, investors would be suing everyone anytime they lost money. Investments carry risks that are often times unforeseeable. If Kim knew that Son’s corporations would fail, he obviously wouldn’t have invested his money. But this does not place the blame on Son nor make him accountable for Kim’s loss. If investing worked this way there would be no risk and you could sue a company every time their stock went down. Common law consists of principles established by judges that encompass all the decisions made by courts over hundreds of years and countless lawsuits (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). These laws are based on common sense, and â€Å"set a precedent for all courts to follow in similar cases, and are recognized, affirmed, and enforced by subsequent court decisions, thus continually expanding the common law† (businessdictionary. com, 2013). The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), in contrast, falls under civil law, â€Å"which is based on a rigid code of rules† (businessdictionary. com, 2013). It was established to create a uniform set of laws for business transactions, since common law can vary from state to state (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). As far as contracts are concerned, Article 2 of the UCC is of most significance. This part of the code deals with the sale of goods. Goods are defined in terms of contracts as anything that is moveable, other than money, investment securities and certain legal rights (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). Common law, on the other hand, is used for contracts involving the sale of services or anything else other than goods (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson, 2013). In the case of Kim v. Son, I believe common law is the applicable source of law. The idea of consideration in regard to contract law is a result of common law principles. The UCC would not apply because there were no goods involved, only money. Furthermore, since the judge ruled that there was no valid contract to begin with, due to the absence of consideration, there were no goods, services, or anything else involved. References Beatty, J. , Samuelson, S. , Bredeson, D. (2013). Introduction to Business Law. (4th  ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Businessdictionary. com, (2013). Common Law, Retrieved from: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/common-law. html

Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation

Introduction The labor market is equivalent to any other market. In fact, it is where labor is traded for wages. Inherently, there are assumptions that guide the labor market. For instance, there is a direct correlation between human resource (labor) and income distribution (wages and profits). Hence, different theories have been advanced regarding labor markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories developed Marxists tend to advocate for fair distribution of income between the employer and the employee. However, this is rarely the case given that those who receive the highest rewards do so based on merit. Marx theory of rebellion and labor relations encounters considerable criticism although it is not analyzed directly in international research. The theory persistently attracts class theory that is boosted by uninspiring alternatives presented in sociology (Parkin 119). Marx held the position that proletarian rebellion would take place in first world countries including the United States and European countries. Other theories hold the meritocracy perspective where those who are lowly waged possess the least labor market value. This paper examines the extent at which Marxist concept of exploitation is useful in understanding the contemporary labor market. Marxist ideas Marx presented his audience with two sets of ideologies. The first was the theory of society. The theory explains how the community functions in view of the nature of capitalism. The view is relevant in describing what is happening to the society. Conversely, Marx considered capitalism as extremely unsatisfactory. He sought to have capitalism abolished through violent revolution. He advocated for the establishment of a communist society. The success of his idea would have seen employees have better working condit ions with an increase in remuneration. Marx within the framework of ‘factory despotism’ viewed conflict in class between informal employment and white-collar employment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict intimately matches the social confrontation regarding the sharing of rewards and prerogatives of command (Robertson 160). This is particularly the case in industrial situations where even the low status of white-collar personnel is cast in the position of administrative subalterns (Boswell and Dixon 545). Within the context of capitalism presented by the distinctive industrial organizations, the sociological model of class holds the position that recommends capitalism as a substitute of the view constructed around the right of individuals to employment. Few people in the western societies do not support Marx idea of violent revolution. Some think that capitalism is desirable. Marx concepts are useful in understanding the community without accommodating Marxists condemnation of capitalism. The advocacy for violent revolution illustrates his opinionated values in respect of politics. Marx ideas are limited to the relations between financial exchanges under circumstances where the right to capital is not rationalized. He viewed capitalism as a means by which individuals earn wealth simply by virtue of holding property. Non-standard work The contemporary labor markets across the globe in the last three decades have been marked by changes in the nature of job. The traditional features of the nature of work include its open-ended nature. In fact, the temporal specificity in the nature of work does not apply to the wide range of workers. According to the view expressed by Marx, workers in capitalist economies are no longer regarded as contributing sufficiently to their work. Consequently, the employees are either underpaid or given mor e duties to perform at workplace. The form of contemporary employment presents employers with the opportunity to adjust labor usage with respect to the changes in labor requirements. In the wake of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, part-time employees, those in informal employment and impermanent workers comprised of more than 40 percent in comparison with less than 30 percent in the 1980s. Currently, non-standard workers in the United States are estimated to be 30 percent, which is an increase of threefold compared to the 1980s (Cuneo 290).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marx and exploitation Many scholars question whether Marx aimed to make any ethical use of the exploitation ideas. In fact, Marx sought to highlight ethical utilization of exploitation but his definition of exploitation failed t o render this end. He gave an ethical definition of exploitation that is resistant to a wide range of standard objectiveness. The shortcomings of Marx explanation of exploitation within capitalist organization are less precise to capitalist societies. The post-war expansion of the communal sector has gradually given rise to an increasing range of non-manual groups in government circles and welfare organizations (Cuneo 290). The definition offered by Marx regarding exploitation is typically given in terms of the concept of surplus values. In turn, the concept of surplus value is perceived to depend on the labor concept of value. The concept that the significance of any product is proportional to the quantity of ‘socially necessary’ labor exemplified in it holds with regard to Marxists’ perspective. With respect to the view on the creation of value, there is typically nothing unique about labor. Some scholars such as Robert Nozick argue that the collapse of the lab or concept of value means the collapse of the Marxist theory of exploitation. The exploitation concept from Marx perspective is the disparate exchange of labor for products (Nozick 257). The swap is unequal if the amount of labor involved in the production of commodities that the employee can buy with the income is less than the quantity of labor used to make the income. Rationally, treating the intermediate and lower white-collar employees as part of a governing class implies that the governing groups typically identify themselves with the interest of resources and management as opposed to the interests of planned labor. The treatment of workers in the private sector is easy to accomplish compared to the public sector. Economic sub-structure Marx extended the argument that financial situation is the most essential determinant of all other communal aspects. These include institutions and ideas such as justice systems, schooling and ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such elements fall at the core of the societal ‘super-structure’. In view of contemporary employment, Marx can be regarded as a materialist with strong intuition for material possession, which is a reward for work. He opposed the viewpoint of Hegel that regarded thoughts as the most fundamental verifiers of accounts (Trainer 1). Marx held the position that leading ideologies were the result of materialistic situations. Marx was opposing the restructuring that presented the plan that sheer amendments in thought could transform the humanity. According to Marx, capitalist communities comprise of industrialists who owned and run the productive supplies. The employees only own labor and work for the industrialists. Thus, the industrialists own the goods and sell at a profit. The workers are exploited through meager pay for the work done. Consequently, the workers remain in abject poverty while the capitalists continue to accumulate capital. In the industrialist community, ca pital, equipment, plants and other resource are the essential productive elements. The industrialists exploit the society given that the members of the society do not own the productive factors. It is the different perspective involved in capitalism that drives the workers to view the differences between them and the capitalists as conflict that require violent revolution. In industrialist societies, the industrialists gain the most. They receive a disproportionate share of affluence, authority, advantage and rank. The situation according to Marx serves the interest of the capitalist thus elevating the conflict between the employers and the employees. Marx highlights the need to understand that a majority of the people own some riches including houses and small portions of land. However, this is not capital. A small number of individuals own capital including money and industrial units. The proportion is estimated to be below 2 percent of the global population. Marx’s Predict ions Marx viewed history as the principle that explains the vibrancy of the past. The basic ideology involved is the Hegelian ideology of dialectical development. In this situation, a thesis exists. Another idea develops which opposes the initial idea (antithesis). Eventually, the ideas are determined by a ‘synthesis.’ The resulting thesis becomes the novel thesis. In view of history the class conflict involved in capitalist societies between the capitalists and the employees ends through some kind of revolution. The conflict is determined upon the emergence of a new social order, which eventually stabilizes. This was the case during the early capitalist era. History is hence a fundamental element of material and social relations. The correlations between the type of industrial knowledge in use, the communal correlations and the running of these kinds of production are what determine the characteristics of capitalist communities. These relations move social settings fro m one to another. Marx believed that this recurring cycle would cease at some point. The idea of capitalism and the ideology of the working class will result into a synthesis that will see the attainment of a classless society. This is with respect to the fact that the continuation of class conflict between industrialists and the employees has generated change for centuries, which will have to cease in a classless community. However, this does not mean the end of additional change. Political change may also occur according to Marx. The changes in employment emanating from capitalist perspectives and the idea of exploitation will not end so long as there is conflict of interest. The drivers of production in the industrialist communities include the factory method and rigorous machine knowledge. This mode demands that huge investments of resources be put in factories. The knowledge required demands that the potential employees compete for the limited employment opportunity. Consequent ly, the capitalists will take advantage of the situation to hire knowledge workers at lower wages. This aspect is observable in multinational companies that shift production offshore in countries where skilled workers are paid cheaply. Social correlations of production in industrialist communities is between the ownership of capital and the running of entities attained from the exploitation of communities’ productive resources by the few who invest only if they know that profit will be made. In the contemporary labor market, the concept of exploitation applies where community members are required to sell labor to the industrialists. They have to recognize commands at workplace. The employees consequently have no stake in the manufacturing process above the pay packages (Doogan 70). Marx argued that only labor should earn money. Conversely, Marxists maintain that the resources generated must hardly have the capacity of generating additional funds. This means that Marxists hold the idea that wealthy individuals should not get interested in their investment. The argument is extended from the reasoning that capitalists get more income without participating in the production. Fundamentally, Marxists believe that industrialist profit making is composed of employees. When the industrialist vends goods produced by the employees and gets more for the commodity than originally paid for to produce, the capitalist takes the value created by the employees. The employees’ labor facilitates the creation of value attained from the sale of the product but only get a percentage of the value. This means that the industrialist who runs the production processes exploits the employee. However, the industrialist does not work when creating the commodity. It is this perception that Marxists insist that capitalist should not receive income as interest earned on the investment. Marxists’ disagreement appears to be obvious with respect to the stakeholders hardly hav ing any connection to the production. They only invest capital in the company and consequently generating returns devoid of carrying out the jobs. Marxists urge that it would be desirable to organize the community in a way that every individual owns and runs the productive resources. Additionally, no one should get an income he or she has not worked for during the production process. In the modern labor market, this argument puts capitalists and workers in a collision course. The neo-classical model on the labor market holds a different view on the argument given that it is typically applied in the contemporary labor market. Typically, the neo-classical perspective holds the view that the labor market functions in a way similar to that of the commodity market. The labor offered by the employee in diverse sector is ‘sold’ by the employee and ‘bought’ by the industrialist. The cost of labor is primarily set by the law governing supply and demand. The labor ma rket inherently seeks to establish its own accord and equilibrium (Gomme 18). The principle of neo-classical in the labor market holds that when there is an over-supply of one type of labor say barbers, the wage of such labor significantly falls. This is due to an increase in the competition among workers who offer it. The compensation for labor is driven down when employers pursue their interest characterized by profit maximization. The capitalists enjoy a large pool of potential labor suppliers who offer labor at the lowest prices. Conversely, when there is limited kind of labor such as pilots the potential employees with necessary expertise, competences, familiarity and training have the opportunity to demand for higher price for labor including improved working conditions, enhanced benefits and high remuneration. In this regard, the capitalists compete with each other through offering higher wages to ensure the necessary supply of labor from a considerably small pool of workers. The imbalance between barbers and pilots will be redressed as people attracted by high wages choose to train and acquire experience in flying. Similarly, the excess in barbers will be redressed as the career becomes less attractive due to low wages. A balance between supply and demand will consequently be restored. Marxist model and the surplus value The contemporary labor market is influenced more through the neo-classical perspective than the Marxists’ perspective. Marxists hold the view that the correlation between the ‘value’ created by employees and the respective ‘rewards’ offered for such labor is significantly multifaceted than that advocated by neo-classical theorists. Marxist labor economists hold the position that the true value of labor is never returned to workers in capitalist markets. They insist that employees in the modern labor market are exploited as they receive only a portion of the actual value of their labor. This notion often leads the employees to seek employment that is highly demanding to be able to receive higher reward for the labor offered (Kalleber 482). Conversely, the employers in the industrialist productive systems exploit workers to create ‘surplus value’ for the labor. The surplus within the capitalist labor markets inherently flows to the capitalist instead of the workers. According to Marxist theorists, waged labor is caught in a ‘trap’. The salary is never able to realize the actual value generated. A good example in this situation would be an employee hired to make caps using a cap-making machine. The worker is paid $15 per hour. In every hour, the employee produces 10 caps. The market value for each cap is $7. The capitalist thus pays the worker $15 dollars for work that produces a value of $70. There is a difference of $55. However, the capitalist must deduct overhead costs and supplies. The overheads may be an additional $15 per hour hence leaving the capita list with a whopping $40 per hour of surplus value. In a non-capitalist labor market the worker would have hand-woven his own caps. He would also have owned both the tools (means of production) and the resulting caps (labor products). The complete value of labor could be exchanged for other commodities and services. Unfortunately, according to Marxist perspectives, in a capitalist labor market the worker owns neither the products nor the means of production and materials utilized in producing the commodities. In this context, the worker holds no claim to the surplus value created. In order to reword Marx, the worker only owns his ‘hide’. As such, the worker can only get a ‘hiding’. The worker only owns his labor, which notwithstanding its net value to the capitalist is compensated at a reduced rate than the authentic value it creates. According to Marxists’ view, the greater the ‘value’ a worker can generate from labor the weaker the wor ker develops interest in an industrialist labor market. The additional ‘value’ is fitted as surplus, which nevertheless is not given to the worker. In this regard, the Marxist perspective concerning income distribution hardly follows the differences in ‘human resources’ but the correlation between the worker and the means of production (Wolff 14). Capitalists who have owned the means of production reap the greatest rewards and monetary returns. The employees who have no access to the means of production are forced to sell labor power for remuneration. They are consequently denied the opportunity to secure the true value of their labor. In Marxists’ perspective, the contemporary labor market is unfair besides being highly structured. The current employment platform requires more than investment in human resources to escape from the deprived positions in the labor market. It demands further essential social changes that address the organizational dispa rity in the industrialist labor market (Tilly 14). The urge to accumulate resources according to Marxists is the determinant of what happens in the community. The differences inherent in capitalist societies between the employer and employee are contributed by the urge of the employee to establish own businesses. As a result, many individuals opt to enter into sole-proprietorships to avoid taking orders from employers but create profits to better their lives. When such moves fail to yield, individuals resort to other means of ensuring access to the true value of their labor such as joining unions. There is unending pursuit of profitability not only among employers but also among the employees. The profits realized by capitalists are ploughed back to attain more profits. This creates a never-ending twist of resources accumulation. The quest to accumulate capital leads to inventiveness, social and technological change. The reason why there is a McDonald in every street and increasing manufacturing in Australia is the aforementioned reasons. The changes have come given that the firms are competing with each other to increase profitability. In addition, employees are utilizing innovation to remain relevant to the employer. Knowledge workers are contemporarily required by the contemporary capitalist labor market. It has become essential for any person seeking employment to possess requisite training, skills, knowledge, competence and proficiency (Wolff 115). Conclusion The labor market comprises of a discriminatory playing field. Provided the labor market is allowed to operate without hindrances, the potential employees enter the market with an opportunity that is determined purely by human capital one has to offer. This one determinant influences whether or not an employee will receive considerably high value for the labor they offer. Marx’s theory is currently overtaken by events in the labor market. The trends in the contemporary labor market reflect that there is a significant change of approach regarding the relationship between employers and employees. The employees currently recognize the merit that will present them with the opportunity to receive the rewards in terms of wages that they deserve. The pursuit of relevant education, competences, skills and abilities by prospective employees reflect a change in attitude from Marx’s theory. Works Cited Boswell, Terry and William Dixon. â€Å"Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis.† American Sociology Review, 55.3 (1990): 540-559. Print. Cuneo, Carl. â€Å"Exploring Exploitation.† Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 15.2 (1978): 284-300. Print. Doogan, Keller. â€Å"Long-Term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labor Market in Europe.† Time and Society, 14.1 (2005): 65-87. Print Gomme, Peter. â€Å"What Labor Market Theory tells us about the ‘New Economy.† Economic Review, 34.3 (1998): 16-24. Print. Kalleber, Alex. â€Å"Organizing Flexibility: The Flexible Firm in a New Century.† British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39.4 (2001): 479-504. Print. Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1974: 253-262. Print. Parkin, Frank. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique in Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates, Maryland, USA: Rowman Littlefield, 1998: 1-269. Print. Robertson, John. â€Å"Transaction Cost Economics and Cross-National Patterns of Industrial Conflict: A Comparative Institutional Analysis.† American Journal of Political Science, 34.3 (1990): 153-189. Print. Tilly, Catherine. â€Å"Labor Market Inequality, Past and Future: A Perspective from the United States.† Gender Segregation, 2.2 (2006): 13-28. Print. Wolff, Jonathan. â€Å"Marx and Exploitation.† Journal of Ethics, 3.2 (1999): 109-120. Print. This essay on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation was written and submitted by user Reece Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation

Introduction The labor market is equivalent to any other market. In fact, it is where labor is traded for wages. Inherently, there are assumptions that guide the labor market. For instance, there is a direct correlation between human resource (labor) and income distribution (wages and profits). Hence, different theories have been advanced regarding labor markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories developed Marxists tend to advocate for fair distribution of income between the employer and the employee. However, this is rarely the case given that those who receive the highest rewards do so based on merit. Marx theory of rebellion and labor relations encounters considerable criticism although it is not analyzed directly in international research. The theory persistently attracts class theory that is boosted by uninspiring alternatives presented in sociology (Parkin 119). Marx held the position that proletarian rebellion would take place in first world countries including the United States and European countries. Other theories hold the meritocracy perspective where those who are lowly waged possess the least labor market value. This paper examines the extent at which Marxist concept of exploitation is useful in understanding the contemporary labor market. Marxist ideas Marx presented his audience with two sets of ideologies. The first was the theory of society. The theory explains how the community functions in view of the nature of capitalism. The view is relevant in describing what is happening to the society. Conversely, Marx considered capitalism as extremely unsatisfactory. He sought to have capitalism abolished through violent revolution. He advocated for the establishment of a communist society. The success of his idea would have seen employees have better working condit ions with an increase in remuneration. Marx within the framework of ‘factory despotism’ viewed conflict in class between informal employment and white-collar employment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict intimately matches the social confrontation regarding the sharing of rewards and prerogatives of command (Robertson 160). This is particularly the case in industrial situations where even the low status of white-collar personnel is cast in the position of administrative subalterns (Boswell and Dixon 545). Within the context of capitalism presented by the distinctive industrial organizations, the sociological model of class holds the position that recommends capitalism as a substitute of the view constructed around the right of individuals to employment. Few people in the western societies do not support Marx idea of violent revolution. Some think that capitalism is desirable. Marx concepts are useful in understanding the community without accommodating Marxists condemnation of capitalism. The advocacy for violent revolution illustrates his opinionated values in respect of politics. Marx ideas are limited to the relations between financial exchanges under circumstances where the right to capital is not rationalized. He viewed capitalism as a means by which individuals earn wealth simply by virtue of holding property. Non-standard work The contemporary labor markets across the globe in the last three decades have been marked by changes in the nature of job. The traditional features of the nature of work include its open-ended nature. In fact, the temporal specificity in the nature of work does not apply to the wide range of workers. According to the view expressed by Marx, workers in capitalist economies are no longer regarded as contributing sufficiently to their work. Consequently, the employees are either underpaid or given mor e duties to perform at workplace. The form of contemporary employment presents employers with the opportunity to adjust labor usage with respect to the changes in labor requirements. In the wake of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, part-time employees, those in informal employment and impermanent workers comprised of more than 40 percent in comparison with less than 30 percent in the 1980s. Currently, non-standard workers in the United States are estimated to be 30 percent, which is an increase of threefold compared to the 1980s (Cuneo 290).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marx and exploitation Many scholars question whether Marx aimed to make any ethical use of the exploitation ideas. In fact, Marx sought to highlight ethical utilization of exploitation but his definition of exploitation failed t o render this end. He gave an ethical definition of exploitation that is resistant to a wide range of standard objectiveness. The shortcomings of Marx explanation of exploitation within capitalist organization are less precise to capitalist societies. The post-war expansion of the communal sector has gradually given rise to an increasing range of non-manual groups in government circles and welfare organizations (Cuneo 290). The definition offered by Marx regarding exploitation is typically given in terms of the concept of surplus values. In turn, the concept of surplus value is perceived to depend on the labor concept of value. The concept that the significance of any product is proportional to the quantity of ‘socially necessary’ labor exemplified in it holds with regard to Marxists’ perspective. With respect to the view on the creation of value, there is typically nothing unique about labor. Some scholars such as Robert Nozick argue that the collapse of the lab or concept of value means the collapse of the Marxist theory of exploitation. The exploitation concept from Marx perspective is the disparate exchange of labor for products (Nozick 257). The swap is unequal if the amount of labor involved in the production of commodities that the employee can buy with the income is less than the quantity of labor used to make the income. Rationally, treating the intermediate and lower white-collar employees as part of a governing class implies that the governing groups typically identify themselves with the interest of resources and management as opposed to the interests of planned labor. The treatment of workers in the private sector is easy to accomplish compared to the public sector. Economic sub-structure Marx extended the argument that financial situation is the most essential determinant of all other communal aspects. These include institutions and ideas such as justice systems, schooling and ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such elements fall at the core of the societal ‘super-structure’. In view of contemporary employment, Marx can be regarded as a materialist with strong intuition for material possession, which is a reward for work. He opposed the viewpoint of Hegel that regarded thoughts as the most fundamental verifiers of accounts (Trainer 1). Marx held the position that leading ideologies were the result of materialistic situations. Marx was opposing the restructuring that presented the plan that sheer amendments in thought could transform the humanity. According to Marx, capitalist communities comprise of industrialists who owned and run the productive supplies. The employees only own labor and work for the industrialists. Thus, the industrialists own the goods and sell at a profit. The workers are exploited through meager pay for the work done. Consequently, the workers remain in abject poverty while the capitalists continue to accumulate capital. In the industrialist community, ca pital, equipment, plants and other resource are the essential productive elements. The industrialists exploit the society given that the members of the society do not own the productive factors. It is the different perspective involved in capitalism that drives the workers to view the differences between them and the capitalists as conflict that require violent revolution. In industrialist societies, the industrialists gain the most. They receive a disproportionate share of affluence, authority, advantage and rank. The situation according to Marx serves the interest of the capitalist thus elevating the conflict between the employers and the employees. Marx highlights the need to understand that a majority of the people own some riches including houses and small portions of land. However, this is not capital. A small number of individuals own capital including money and industrial units. The proportion is estimated to be below 2 percent of the global population. Marx’s Predict ions Marx viewed history as the principle that explains the vibrancy of the past. The basic ideology involved is the Hegelian ideology of dialectical development. In this situation, a thesis exists. Another idea develops which opposes the initial idea (antithesis). Eventually, the ideas are determined by a ‘synthesis.’ The resulting thesis becomes the novel thesis. In view of history the class conflict involved in capitalist societies between the capitalists and the employees ends through some kind of revolution. The conflict is determined upon the emergence of a new social order, which eventually stabilizes. This was the case during the early capitalist era. History is hence a fundamental element of material and social relations. The correlations between the type of industrial knowledge in use, the communal correlations and the running of these kinds of production are what determine the characteristics of capitalist communities. These relations move social settings fro m one to another. Marx believed that this recurring cycle would cease at some point. The idea of capitalism and the ideology of the working class will result into a synthesis that will see the attainment of a classless society. This is with respect to the fact that the continuation of class conflict between industrialists and the employees has generated change for centuries, which will have to cease in a classless community. However, this does not mean the end of additional change. Political change may also occur according to Marx. The changes in employment emanating from capitalist perspectives and the idea of exploitation will not end so long as there is conflict of interest. The drivers of production in the industrialist communities include the factory method and rigorous machine knowledge. This mode demands that huge investments of resources be put in factories. The knowledge required demands that the potential employees compete for the limited employment opportunity. Consequent ly, the capitalists will take advantage of the situation to hire knowledge workers at lower wages. This aspect is observable in multinational companies that shift production offshore in countries where skilled workers are paid cheaply. Social correlations of production in industrialist communities is between the ownership of capital and the running of entities attained from the exploitation of communities’ productive resources by the few who invest only if they know that profit will be made. In the contemporary labor market, the concept of exploitation applies where community members are required to sell labor to the industrialists. They have to recognize commands at workplace. The employees consequently have no stake in the manufacturing process above the pay packages (Doogan 70). Marx argued that only labor should earn money. Conversely, Marxists maintain that the resources generated must hardly have the capacity of generating additional funds. This means that Marxists hold the idea that wealthy individuals should not get interested in their investment. The argument is extended from the reasoning that capitalists get more income without participating in the production. Fundamentally, Marxists believe that industrialist profit making is composed of employees. When the industrialist vends goods produced by the employees and gets more for the commodity than originally paid for to produce, the capitalist takes the value created by the employees. The employees’ labor facilitates the creation of value attained from the sale of the product but only get a percentage of the value. This means that the industrialist who runs the production processes exploits the employee. However, the industrialist does not work when creating the commodity. It is this perception that Marxists insist that capitalist should not receive income as interest earned on the investment. Marxists’ disagreement appears to be obvious with respect to the stakeholders hardly hav ing any connection to the production. They only invest capital in the company and consequently generating returns devoid of carrying out the jobs. Marxists urge that it would be desirable to organize the community in a way that every individual owns and runs the productive resources. Additionally, no one should get an income he or she has not worked for during the production process. In the modern labor market, this argument puts capitalists and workers in a collision course. The neo-classical model on the labor market holds a different view on the argument given that it is typically applied in the contemporary labor market. Typically, the neo-classical perspective holds the view that the labor market functions in a way similar to that of the commodity market. The labor offered by the employee in diverse sector is ‘sold’ by the employee and ‘bought’ by the industrialist. The cost of labor is primarily set by the law governing supply and demand. The labor ma rket inherently seeks to establish its own accord and equilibrium (Gomme 18). The principle of neo-classical in the labor market holds that when there is an over-supply of one type of labor say barbers, the wage of such labor significantly falls. This is due to an increase in the competition among workers who offer it. The compensation for labor is driven down when employers pursue their interest characterized by profit maximization. The capitalists enjoy a large pool of potential labor suppliers who offer labor at the lowest prices. Conversely, when there is limited kind of labor such as pilots the potential employees with necessary expertise, competences, familiarity and training have the opportunity to demand for higher price for labor including improved working conditions, enhanced benefits and high remuneration. In this regard, the capitalists compete with each other through offering higher wages to ensure the necessary supply of labor from a considerably small pool of workers. The imbalance between barbers and pilots will be redressed as people attracted by high wages choose to train and acquire experience in flying. Similarly, the excess in barbers will be redressed as the career becomes less attractive due to low wages. A balance between supply and demand will consequently be restored. Marxist model and the surplus value The contemporary labor market is influenced more through the neo-classical perspective than the Marxists’ perspective. Marxists hold the view that the correlation between the ‘value’ created by employees and the respective ‘rewards’ offered for such labor is significantly multifaceted than that advocated by neo-classical theorists. Marxist labor economists hold the position that the true value of labor is never returned to workers in capitalist markets. They insist that employees in the modern labor market are exploited as they receive only a portion of the actual value of their labor. This notion often leads the employees to seek employment that is highly demanding to be able to receive higher reward for the labor offered (Kalleber 482). Conversely, the employers in the industrialist productive systems exploit workers to create ‘surplus value’ for the labor. The surplus within the capitalist labor markets inherently flows to the capitalist instead of the workers. According to Marxist theorists, waged labor is caught in a ‘trap’. The salary is never able to realize the actual value generated. A good example in this situation would be an employee hired to make caps using a cap-making machine. The worker is paid $15 per hour. In every hour, the employee produces 10 caps. The market value for each cap is $7. The capitalist thus pays the worker $15 dollars for work that produces a value of $70. There is a difference of $55. However, the capitalist must deduct overhead costs and supplies. The overheads may be an additional $15 per hour hence leaving the capita list with a whopping $40 per hour of surplus value. In a non-capitalist labor market the worker would have hand-woven his own caps. He would also have owned both the tools (means of production) and the resulting caps (labor products). The complete value of labor could be exchanged for other commodities and services. Unfortunately, according to Marxist perspectives, in a capitalist labor market the worker owns neither the products nor the means of production and materials utilized in producing the commodities. In this context, the worker holds no claim to the surplus value created. In order to reword Marx, the worker only owns his ‘hide’. As such, the worker can only get a ‘hiding’. The worker only owns his labor, which notwithstanding its net value to the capitalist is compensated at a reduced rate than the authentic value it creates. According to Marxists’ view, the greater the ‘value’ a worker can generate from labor the weaker the wor ker develops interest in an industrialist labor market. The additional ‘value’ is fitted as surplus, which nevertheless is not given to the worker. In this regard, the Marxist perspective concerning income distribution hardly follows the differences in ‘human resources’ but the correlation between the worker and the means of production (Wolff 14). Capitalists who have owned the means of production reap the greatest rewards and monetary returns. The employees who have no access to the means of production are forced to sell labor power for remuneration. They are consequently denied the opportunity to secure the true value of their labor. In Marxists’ perspective, the contemporary labor market is unfair besides being highly structured. The current employment platform requires more than investment in human resources to escape from the deprived positions in the labor market. It demands further essential social changes that address the organizational dispa rity in the industrialist labor market (Tilly 14). The urge to accumulate resources according to Marxists is the determinant of what happens in the community. The differences inherent in capitalist societies between the employer and employee are contributed by the urge of the employee to establish own businesses. As a result, many individuals opt to enter into sole-proprietorships to avoid taking orders from employers but create profits to better their lives. When such moves fail to yield, individuals resort to other means of ensuring access to the true value of their labor such as joining unions. There is unending pursuit of profitability not only among employers but also among the employees. The profits realized by capitalists are ploughed back to attain more profits. This creates a never-ending twist of resources accumulation. The quest to accumulate capital leads to inventiveness, social and technological change. The reason why there is a McDonald in every street and increasing manufacturing in Australia is the aforementioned reasons. The changes have come given that the firms are competing with each other to increase profitability. In addition, employees are utilizing innovation to remain relevant to the employer. Knowledge workers are contemporarily required by the contemporary capitalist labor market. It has become essential for any person seeking employment to possess requisite training, skills, knowledge, competence and proficiency (Wolff 115). Conclusion The labor market comprises of a discriminatory playing field. Provided the labor market is allowed to operate without hindrances, the potential employees enter the market with an opportunity that is determined purely by human capital one has to offer. This one determinant influences whether or not an employee will receive considerably high value for the labor they offer. Marx’s theory is currently overtaken by events in the labor market. The trends in the contemporary labor market reflect that there is a significant change of approach regarding the relationship between employers and employees. The employees currently recognize the merit that will present them with the opportunity to receive the rewards in terms of wages that they deserve. The pursuit of relevant education, competences, skills and abilities by prospective employees reflect a change in attitude from Marx’s theory. Works Cited Boswell, Terry and William Dixon. â€Å"Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis.† American Sociology Review, 55.3 (1990): 540-559. Print. Cuneo, Carl. â€Å"Exploring Exploitation.† Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 15.2 (1978): 284-300. Print. Doogan, Keller. â€Å"Long-Term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labor Market in Europe.† Time and Society, 14.1 (2005): 65-87. Print Gomme, Peter. â€Å"What Labor Market Theory tells us about the ‘New Economy.† Economic Review, 34.3 (1998): 16-24. Print. Kalleber, Alex. â€Å"Organizing Flexibility: The Flexible Firm in a New Century.† British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39.4 (2001): 479-504. Print. Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1974: 253-262. Print. Parkin, Frank. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique in Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates, Maryland, USA: Rowman Littlefield, 1998: 1-269. Print. Robertson, John. â€Å"Transaction Cost Economics and Cross-National Patterns of Industrial Conflict: A Comparative Institutional Analysis.† American Journal of Political Science, 34.3 (1990): 153-189. Print. Tilly, Catherine. â€Å"Labor Market Inequality, Past and Future: A Perspective from the United States.† Gender Segregation, 2.2 (2006): 13-28. Print. Wolff, Jonathan. â€Å"Marx and Exploitation.† Journal of Ethics, 3.2 (1999): 109-120. Print. This essay on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation was written and submitted by user Reece Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Whats a Good PSAT Score for a Junior

What's a Good PSAT Score for a Junior SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The PSAT is an important test on the road to college. Your scorespredict how you'll do on the SAT. Plus, top scorers can earn distinctions and scholarships from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). So how do you know whether your PSAT scores are good? While what counts as a good score variesdepending on your personal goals, we can give a more objective answer to this question by considering PSAT score percentiles.But first, let's review how the PSAT is scored. How Is the PSAT Scored? The PSATisscoredbetween320 and 1520. Math countsfor half thecomposite score with a range of 160-760. The Reading and Writing sections arescored together (and called Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, or EBRW) with that same range, 160-760. Test takers also geta more detailed score report of each section from 8 to 38. There's an easy trick for converting this section score (also called a test score) to a scaled score.For Math, simply multiply your section score by 20.For Reading and Writing, add your section scores together, and then multiply the sum by 10. When you take the PSAT and get your score report back, you'll seepercentilesalong with your scores. By looking at these percentiles, you can determine how competitive your PSAT scores are. In other words, we can answer the question, "What makes a good PSAT score for a junior?" by looking at percentiles. Percentiles compare your section and composite scores with those of other PSAT test takers. If your Math score falls in the 70th percentile, you've scored higher than 70% of test takers. (And the other 30% scored higher than you.)Basically, the higher your percentile is, the better your score will be compared to everyone else's scores. What's a Good PSAT Score for a Junior? We can define a"good" PSAT score as one that's higher than the 75th percentile.This means you scored higher than 75% of all otherPSAT test takers.For juniors, 75th percentile scores are around 570 to 590 in each section, or about 1150 in total. An "OK" PSAT score is one higher than the 50th percentile, which means you scored higher than half of other test takers. An excellent score is a score in the 90th percentile or higher (although a 90th percentile score still isn't high enough to qualify for National Merit, as we discuss more below). The following chart showsthe minimum section and composite scores you'd need to reach the 50th, 75th, 90th, and 99th percentiles on the PSAT. Percentile EBRW Score Math Score Composite Score 50th 510-520 490-500 1000-1010 75th 580-590 570 1150 90th 650-660 640 1280 99th 730 and up 750 and up 1460 and up Source: PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2018 Based on the info in the chart, a good PSAT score for a junior is a composite score higher than 1150, an OK score is one higher than a 1010, and an excellent score is anything higher than a 1280. What Do PSAT Score Percentiles Mean? To understand how we chose the scores to represent "good," "OK" and "excellent" PSAT scores, and to understand how you can interpret PSAT scores yourself,you'll need to know more about PSAT percentiles. As we mentioned above, percentilesshow where your scores fall in comparison with the scores of other students in your grade.Your PSAT score report will feature lots of score types and data. Among this data, you'll get not one, but two percentiles comparing your scores with those of other students. These percentiles are called the Nationally Representative Percentile and the User Percentile. We'll focus on User Percentiles, which compare all students in a grade who typically take the PSAT. Below is a chart showing 11th grade User Percentiles for the entire range of PSAT scores. This chart is sourced from theCollege Board's 2018 score report, and you can use it to see how your scaled section scores convert to User Percentiles. Score EBRW Percentile Math Percentile 760 99+ 99+ 750 99+ 99 740 99 98 730 99 97 720 98 96 710 97 96 700 96 95 690 95 94 680 94 93 670 93 93 660 91 92 650 89 91 640 88 90 630 86 89 620 84 87 610 81 85 600 79 83 590 76 81 580 73 78 570 70 75 560 67 72 550 63 69 540 60 65 530 56 62 520 53 58 510 49 55 500 46 52 490 43 48 480 39 44 470 36 40 460 33 36 450 31 33 440 28 29 430 25 26 420 22 23 410 20 19 400 17 16 390 15 13 380 12 10 370 10 9 360 8 7 350 6 5 340 5 4 330 3 3 320 2 2 310 2 2 300 1 1 290 1 1 280 1 1 270 1- 1 260 1- 1- 250 and below 1- 1- As you can see, section scores correspond somewhat differently to percentiles. To make it into the 99th percentile on EBRW, for instance, you'd need to score 730 or above, while to hit the 99th percentile on Math, you'd need a near-perfect 750. Why Are PSAT Scores Important to Juniors? There are two main ways that PSAT scores can be important to juniors who take the test. The PSAT’s most obvious purpose is to help high school students be better prepared for the SAT. The PSAT and SAT have many similarities, so by taking the PSAT early on in your junior year, you’ll get an estimate of how well you’d do on the SAT. You can use this information to figure out which areas you need to improve on the most, create a study plan, and set SAT score goals for yourself. However, the PSAT isn’t just a way to help you see how well you score on the SAT; PSAT scores themselves can actually be quite important for juniors. The second reason PSAT scores are important is that, if you score high enough, you could qualify for National Merit and the benefits the program offers. Keep reading to learn more. What's a Good PSAT Scorefor National Merit? For high school juniors who take the PSAT and score very well (in the top 1%), there is the possibility of becoming a National Merit Semifinalist, which can give you a serious leg up when applying to colleges and possibly even lead to scholarships. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation uses its own Selection Index to determine who qualifies as Commended Students and Semifinalists. Students who score in thetop 3-4% on the PSAT are named Commended Scholars, and students who score in the top 1% are named Semifinalists. How do you calculate your Selection Index? Justadd your three PSAT section scores together and multiply by 2. Let's say you got a 30 in Reading, a 28 in Writing and Language, and a 32 in Math. To get your NMSC Selection Index score, add your section scores together: 30 + 28 + 32. Then, multiply the sum by 2. In this case, your Selection Index score would be 180. As you can see in the chart below, a Selection Index score of 180 isn't quite high enough to qualify as a National Merit Semifinalist. Instead, you'll need a Selection Index of 212 or higher, depending onwhere you take the PSAT. To get a good idea of the score you'll need to become a Semifinalist, look at the chart to seethe most recent estimates forstate cutoffs for National Merit Semifinalists. These were used to select Semifinalists from the October 2017 administration of the PSAT. State Selection Index Cutoff Alabama 216 Alaska 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Average Score 218 As you can see, minimum scores for National Merit vary depending on which state you take the PSAT in. Cutoffsregularly vary a fewpoints between years, so if you haven't taken the PSAT yet and are aiming for National Merit, you should set your target Selection Index about2 to 5 points higher than the predicted cutoff for your state. Bonus: Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: For more information on National Merit and how you can maximize your chances of qualifying, check out our guide for everything you need to know about becoming a National Merit Semifinalist. How to Prepare for theSAT After Taking the PSAT You've got your PSAT scores, and now it's time for the next step: taking the SAT. How can you use your PSAT scores and the lessons you learned by taking that test to help you score higher on the SAT?Check out the following four steps in order to be prepared and confident when you take the SAT. Step 1: Set an SAT Score Goal Figuring out your SAT score goal is an important part of preparing for the test, and it can help motivate you by giving you a concrete goal to work toward. To figure out what SAT score you should be aiming for,check out our guide on what a good SAT score is. Basically, you should research the average SAT scores of admitted students for the schools you're interested in applying to. Many schools provide 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of admitted students. Aiming for the 75th percentile score gives you a good shot at getting in (provided the rest of your application is strong as well), so make a list of the 75th percentile scores of all the schools you're interested in. Then, find the highest score on the list. This is your goal score. If you can meet this score, your SAT scores will likely be high enough for every school you're applying to. Your PSAT scoresgive you an estimate of how well you’d currently score on the SAT and where you need to improve.(Note that PSAT scores only goes up to 1520, while the SAT goes up to 1600, since the PSAT is a less challenging exam than the SAT.)So, if you got a 1350 on the PSAT, you could expect to get around that same score if you took the SAT.This means you can use your PSAT scores to determine how much studying you need to do in order to meet your SAT score goal.However, remember that your PSAT scores don'taccount for improvements you may make while studying for the SAT, which can be significantif you have a smart study plan. Step 2: Identify and Learn From Your Mistakes When you get your PSAT scores back, you'll be able to see how well you scored on each section of the test. Look over this information carefully to see if you can spot any patterns. For example, did you score well on the Math section but struggled on Reading and Writing? Then you should spend more of your SAT study time focusing on Reading and Writing. Learn from your PSAT mistakes so that you can score higher on the SAT. Additionally, every time you take a practice SAT (see step 4), you shouldidentify each of the problems you answered incorrectly. Then, you should take the time to thoroughly understand the answer explanations and walk yourself back through the problems from step one. You can improve your scores a great deal by breaking mistake patterns and recognizing the way the SAT asks similar questions over and over again. Step 3: Create a Study Plan To keep track of when you should be taking practice tests as well as doing other review, you should create a study plan.Mark when you’ll study each week as well as goals you want to achieve every week or month (such as reviewing a particular exam topic or raising your score by a certain number of points). If you start your study plan early, you can space out your prep to consist of just a few hours each week in order to meet your score goal. Then, you can ramp up your studying in the weeks before you take the SAT. Step 4: Take Official, Full-Length Practice Tests Taking timed practice testsis one of the best ways to significantly improve your SAT scores. The College Board has releasedseveral free practice SATs, which are the highest-qualitypractice tests you can take. When you take these practice tests, be sure to take them timed and in one sitting so that you get the most accurate score results and become used to the SAT's length. Also, remember to review the questions you got wrong, the same way you did with your PSAT results, in order to learn from your mistakes. What's Next? Now that you know what makes a good PSAT score, what about on the SAT? Read about good, excellent, and bad SAT scores here. The PSAT is very similar in content and format to the SAT. Check out our complete guide to the SAT.Once you've familiarized yourself withthe test, head over to this guide to learn how to study for the SAT. Once you've gotten your PSAT scores, what do you do next? This article goes over in detail thesteps to take once you've gotten your PSAT scores. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: